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Code examples for connecting to a MySQL® cluster

Written by
Updated at February 13, 2026

Examples of connection strings

The Linux examples were tested in the following environment:

  • Yandex Cloud virtual machine running Ubuntu 20.04 LTS.
  • Bash: 5.0.16.
  • Python: 3.8.2; pip3: 20.0.2.
  • PHP: 7.4.3.
  • OpenJDK: 11.0.8; Maven: 3.6.3.
  • Node.JS: 10.19.0, npm: 6.14.4.
  • Go: 1.13.8.
  • Ruby: 2.7.0p0.
  • unixODBC: 2.3.6.

The Windows examples were tested in the following environment:

  • A local machine with Windows 10 Pro build 19042.1052.
  • PowerShell: 5.1.19041.
  • cURL: 7.55.1 WinSSL.

You can only connect to public MySQL® hosts using an SSL certificate.

Go

Before connecting, install the required dependencies:

sudo apt update && sudo apt install --yes golang git && \
go get github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql

connect.go

package main

import (
  "io/ioutil"
  "crypto/tls"
  "crypto/x509"
  "database/sql"
  "fmt"
  "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)

const (
  host     = "<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>"
  port     = 3306
  user     = "<username>"
  password = "<user_password>"
  dbname   = "<DB_name>"
)

func main() {
  rootCertPool := x509.NewCertPool()
  pem, err := ioutil.ReadFile("/home/<home_directory>/.mysql/root.crt")
  if err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  if ok := rootCertPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(pem); !ok {
    panic("Failed to append PEM.")
  }

  mysql.RegisterTLSConfig("custom", &tls.Config{
    RootCAs: rootCertPool,
  })

  mysqlInfo := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s@tcp(%s:%d)/%s?tls=custom",
    user, password, host, port, dbname)
  conn, err := sql.Open("mysql", mysqlInfo)
  if err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }

  defer conn.Close()

  q, err := conn.Query("SELECT version()")
  if err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }

  var result string

  for q.Next() {
   q.Scan(&result)
   fmt.Println(result)
  }
}

For this connection method, the code must include the full path to the root.crt certificate for MySQL® in the ca variable.

connect.go

package main

import (
  "database/sql"
  "fmt"
  _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)

const (
  host     = "<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>"
  port     = 3306
  user     = "<username>"
  password = "<user_password>"
  dbname   = "<DB_name>"
)

func main() {
  mysqlInfo := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s@tcp(%s:%d)/%s",
    user, password, host, port, dbname)
  conn, err := sql.Open("mysql", mysqlInfo)
  if err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }

  defer conn.Close()

  q, err := conn.Query("SELECT version()")
  if err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }

  var result string

  for q.Next() {
   q.Scan(&result)
   fmt.Println(result)
  }
}

To learn how to get a host FQDN, see this guide.

Connecting:

go run connect.go

If your cluster connection and test query are successful, you will see the MySQL® version.

Java

Before connecting:

  1. Install the dependencies:

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install --yes default-jdk maven

  2. Add the SSL certificate to the Java trusted certificate store (Java Key Store) so that the MySQL® driver can use this certificate for secure connections to the cluster hosts. Set a password in the -storepass parameter to protect the store:

    cd ~/.mysql && \
sudo keytool -importcert \
             -alias YandexCA \
             -file root.crt \
             -keystore YATrustStore \
             -storepass <certificate_store_password> \
             --noprompt

    Where storepass is your certificate store password, including a minimum of six characters.

  3. Create a directory for the Maven project:

    cd ~/ && mkdir -p project/src/java/com/example && cd project/

  4. Create a configuration file for Maven:

    pom.xml
    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project
    xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>app</artifactId>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <version>0.1.0</version>
    <properties>
	    <maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source>
	    <maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
            <version>8.0.21</version>
        </dependency>
	</dependencies>
	<build>
     	<finalName>${project.artifactId}-${project.version}</finalName>
     	<sourceDirectory>src</sourceDirectory>
	 	<resources>
     		<resource>
	 	     	<directory>src</directory>
     		</resource>
     	</resources>
    	<plugins>
    		<plugin>
	     		<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
	     		<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
	     		<executions>
	     			<execution>
	     				<goals>
	 	    				<goal>attached</goal>
	     				</goals>
	 	    			<phase>package</phase>
	 	    			<configuration>
	 		    			<descriptorRefs>
	 			    			<descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
	 		    			</descriptorRefs>
	 			    		<archive>
	 			    			<manifest>
	 			    				<mainClass>com.example.App</mainClass>
	 			    			</manifest>
	 	    				</archive>
	 	    			</configuration>
	 	    		</execution>
	     		</executions>
    		</plugin>
	 		<plugin>
     			<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
	     		<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
     			<version>3.1.0</version>
    			<configuration>
	     			<archive>
	     				<manifest>
	      					<mainClass>com.example.App</mainClass>
	  	     			</manifest>
	 	    		</archive>
    			</configuration>
    		</plugin>
	 	</plugins>
	</build>
</project>

    You can check the current mysql-connector-java version on the project page in the Maven repository.

src/java/com/example/App.java

package com.example;

import java.sql.*;

public class App {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    String DB_URL     = "jdbc:mysql://<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>:3306/<DB_name>?useSSL=true";
    String DB_USER    = "<username>";
    String DB_PASS    = "<user_password>";

    System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.trustStore", "/home/<home_directory>/.mysql/YATrustStore");
    System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword", "<certificate_store_password>");

    try {
      Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");

      Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, DB_USER, DB_PASS);
      ResultSet q = conn.createStatement().executeQuery("SELECT version()");
      if(q.next()) {System.out.println(q.getString(1));}

      conn.close();
    }
    catch(Exception ex) {ex.printStackTrace();}
  }
}

In this code, the javax.net.ssl.trustStore property must specify the full path to the YATrustStore certificate store for the MySQL® driver.

src/java/com/example/App.java

package com.example;

import java.sql.*;

public class App {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    String DB_URL     = "jdbc:mysql://<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>:3306/<DB_name>?useSSL=false";
    String DB_USER    = "<username>";
    String DB_PASS    = "<user_password>";

    try {
      Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");

      Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, DB_USER, DB_PASS);
      ResultSet q = conn.createStatement().executeQuery("SELECT version()");
      if(q.next()) {System.out.println(q.getString(1));}

      conn.close();
    }
    catch(Exception ex) {ex.printStackTrace();}
  }
}

To learn how to get a host FQDN, see this guide.

Connecting:

mvn clean package && \
java -jar target/app-0.1.0-jar-with-dependencies.jar

If your cluster connection and test query are successful, you will see the MySQL® version.

Node.js

Before connecting, install the required dependencies:

sudo apt update && sudo apt install --yes nodejs npm && \
npm install mysql2

app.js

"use strict"
const fs = require('fs');
const mysql = require('mysql2');

const config = {
  host     : '<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>',
  port     : 3306,
  user     : '<username>',
  password : '<user_password>',
  database : '<DB_name>',
  ssl: {
    rejectUnauthorized: true,
    ca: fs.readFileSync('/home/<home_directory>/.mysql/root.crt').toString(),
  },
}

const conn = mysql.createConnection(config)
conn.connect(err => {if (err) throw err})
  conn.query('SELECT version()', (err, result, fields) => {
    if (err) throw err
    console.log(result[0])
    conn.end()
  })

For this connection method, you must specify the full path to the MySQL® root.crt certificate in the ca variable.

app.js

"use strict"
const mysql = require('mysql2');

const config = {
  host     : '<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>',
  port     : 3306,
  user     : '<username>',
  password : '<user_password>',
  database : '<DB_name>',
}

const conn = mysql.createConnection(config)
conn.connect(err => {if (err) throw err})
  conn.query('SELECT version()', (err, result, fields) => {
    if (err) throw err
    console.log(result[0])
    conn.end()
  })

To learn how to get a host FQDN, see this guide.

Connecting:

node app.js

If your cluster connection and test query are successful, you will see the MySQL® version.

ODBC

Before connecting, install the required dependencies:

sudo apt update && sudo apt install --yes unixodbc && \
wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/Connector-ODBC/8.0/mysql-connector-odbc_8.0.21-1ubuntu20.04_amd64.deb && \
sudo dpkg -i mysql-connector-odbc_8.0.21-1ubuntu20.04_amd64.deb

The MySQL® Connector/ODBC driver will be registered automatically in /etc/odbcinst.ini. Current version of the driver: mysql-connector-odbc.

Configure the connection settings in the /etc/odbc.ini file.

odbc.ini

[mysql]
Driver=MySQL ODBC 8.0 Unicode Driver
SERVER=<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>
UID=<username>
PWD=<user_password>
DATABASE=<DB_name>
PORT=3306
SSLCA=/home/<home_directory>/.mysql/root.crt
SSLVERIFY=1

For this connection method, the SSLCA parameter in /etc/odbc.ini must specify the full path to the root.crt certificate for MySQL®.

odbc.ini

[mysql]
Driver=MySQL ODBC 8.0 Unicode Driver
SERVER=<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>
UID=<username>
PWD=<user_password>
DATABASE=<DB_name>
PORT=3306

To learn how to get a host FQDN, see this guide.

Connecting:

isql -v mysql

Once connected to the DBMS, run the SELECT version(); command.

If your cluster connection and test query are successful, you will see the MySQL® version.

PHP

Before connecting, install the required dependencies:

sudo apt update && apt install --yes php php-mysql

connect.php

<?php
    $conn = mysqli_init();

    $conn->options(MYSQLI_OPT_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT, true);
    $conn->ssl_set(NULL, NULL, '/home/<home_directory>/.mysql/root.crt', NULL, NULL);
    $conn->real_connect('<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>', '<username>', '<user_password>', '<database_name>', 3306, NULL, MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL);

    $q = $conn->query('SELECT version()');
    $result = $q->fetch_row();
    echo($result[0]);

    $q->close();
    $conn->close();
?>

For this connection method, the code must include the full path to the root.crt certificate for MySQL® in the ssl_set method.

connect.php

<?php
    $conn = mysqli_init();

    $conn->options(MYSQLI_OPT_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT, false);
    $conn->real_connect('<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>', '<username>', '<user_password>', '<database_name>', 3306, NULL, NULL);

    $q = $conn->query('SELECT version()');
    $result = $q->fetch_row();
    echo($result[0]);

    $q->close();
    $conn->close();
?>

To learn how to get a host FQDN, see this guide.

Connecting:

php connect.php

If your cluster connection and test query are successful, you will see the MySQL® version.

Python

Before connecting, install the required dependencies:

sudo apt update && sudo apt install --yes python3 python3-pip libmysqlclient-dev && \
pip3 install mysqlclient

connect.py

import MySQLdb

conn = MySQLdb.connect(
      host="<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>",
      port=3306,
      db="<DB_name>",
      user="<username>",
      passwd="<user_password>",
      ssl={'ca': '~/.mysql/root.crt'})

cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('SELECT version()')

print(cur.fetchone()[0])

conn.close()

connect.py

import MySQLdb

conn = MySQLdb.connect(
      host="<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>",
      port=3306,
      db="<DB_name>",
      user="<username>",
      passwd="<user_password>")

cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('SELECT version()')

print(cur.fetchone()[0])

conn.close()

To learn how to get a host FQDN, see this guide.

Connecting:

python3 connect.py

If your cluster connection and test query are successful, you will see the MySQL® version.

Ruby

Before connecting, install the required dependencies:

sudo apt update && sudo apt install --yes ruby ruby-mysql2

connect.rb

require "mysql2"

conn = Mysql2::Client.new(
        :host => "<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>",
        :port => 3306,
        :database => "<DB_name>",
        :username => "<username>",
        :password => "<user_password>",
        :ssl_mode => "verify_identity",
        :sslca => "~/.mysql/root.crt")

q = conn.query("SELECT version()")

q.each do |result|
  puts result["version()"]
end

conn.close()

connect.rb

require "mysql2"

conn = Mysql2::Client.new(
        :host => "<FQDN_of_any_MySQL®_host>",
        :port => 3306,
        :database => "<DB_name>",
        :username => "<username>",
        :password => "<user_password>")

q = conn.query("SELECT version()")

q.each do |result|
  puts result["version()"]
end

conn.close()

To learn how to get a host FQDN, see this guide.

Connecting:

ruby connect.rb

If your cluster connection and test query are successful, you will see the MySQL® version.

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