Pre-signed URLs
Object Storage incorporates multiple mechanisms for managing access to resources. To learn how these mechanisms interact, see Access management methods in Object Storage: Overview.
With pre-signed URLs, any web user can perform various operations in Object Storage, such as:
- Download an object.
- Upload an object.
- Create a bucket.
A pre-signed URL is a URL containing request authorization data in its parameters. Pre-signed URLs can be created by users with static access keys.
This section outlines the general principles for generating pre-signed URLs using AWS Signature V4
Note
SDKs for various programming languages and other tools for AWS S3 feature out-of-the-box methods for generating pre-signed URLs that you can also use for Object Storage.
General pre-signed URL format
https://<bucket_name>.storage.yandexcloud.net/<object_key>?
X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256
&X-Amz-Credential=<access_key-id>%2F<YYYYMMDD>%2Fru-central1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request
&X-Amz-Date=<time_in_ISO_8601_format>
&X-Amz-Expires=<URL_lifetime>
&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=<list_of_signed_headers>
&X-Amz-Signature=<signature>
Pre-signed URL parameters:
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
X-Amz-Algorithm |
Identifies the signature version and algorithm for its calculation. Value: AWS4-HMAC-SHA256 . |
X-Amz-Credential |
Signature ID. This is a string in <access-key-id>/<YYYYMMDD>/ru-central1/s3/aws4_request format, where <YYYYMMDD> must match the date set in the X-Amz-Date header. |
x-amz-date |
Time in ISO860120180719T000000Z . The date specified must match the date in the X-Amz-Credential parameter (by value rather than by format). |
X-Amz-Expires |
Link validity time in seconds. The starting point is the time specified in X-Amz-Date . The maximum value is 2592000 seconds (30 days). |
X-Amz-SignedHeaders |
Headers of the request you want to sign, delimited by a semicolon (; ).Make sure to sign the Host header and all X-Amz-* headers used in the request. You do not have to sign other headers; however, the more headers you sign, the safer your request is going to be. |
X-Amz-Signature |
Request signature. |
Creating pre-signed URLs
Note
Generating pre-signed URLs is optional for public buckets. You can get files from a publicly available bucket via both HTTP and HTTPS even if the bucket has no website hosting configured.
To get a pre-signed URL:
- Create a canonical request.
- Compose a string to sign.
- Generate a signing key.
- Calculate the signature using the key.
- Generate a pre-signed URL.
To create a pre-signed URL, you must have static access keys.
Canonical request
The general canonical request format is as follows:
<HTTPVerb>\n
<CanonicalURL>\n
<CanonicalQueryString>\n
<CanonicalHeaders>\n
<SignedHeaders>\n
UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD
HTTPVerb
HTTPVerb stands for the HTTP method used to send a request: GET
, PUT
, HEAD
, or DELETE
.
CanonicalURL
URL-encoded object key. For example, /folder/object.ext
.
Note
Do not normalize the path. For example, if an object has a some//strange//key//example
key, normalizing the path to /<bucket-name>/some/strange/key/example
will invalidate it.
CanonicalQueryString
The canonical query string must include all query parameters of the destination URL, except X-Amz-Signature
. The parameters in the string must be URL-encoded and sorted alphabetically.
Example:
X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=JK38EXAMPLEAKDID8%2F20190801%2Fru-central1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190801T000000Z&X-Amz-Expires=86400&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host
CanonicalHeaders
This section includes the list of the request headers and their values.
The requirements are as follows:
- Each header must be separated with the
\n
newline character. - Header names must be lowercase.
- Headers must be sorted alphabetically.
- There may not be any extra spaces.
- The list must contain the
host
header and allx-amz-*
headers used in the request.
You can also add any request header to the list. The more headers you sign, the safer your request is going to be.
Example:
host:sample-bucket.storage.yandexcloud.net
x-amz-date:20190801T000000Z
SignedHeaders
This is a list of lowercase request header names, sorted alphabetically and separated by semicolons.
Example:
host;x-amz-date
Canonical request ending
A canonical request must always end with an UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD
string.
String to sign
General format of a string to sign:
"AWS4-HMAC-SHA256" + "\n" +
<timestamp> + "\n" +
<scope> + "\n" +
Hex(Hash-SHA256(<CanonicalRequest>))
Where:
AWS4-HMAC-SHA256
: Hashing algorithm.timestamp
: Current time in ISO 8601 format, for example,20190801T000000Z
. The specified date must match the date inscope
(by value rather than by format).scope
:<YYYYMMDD>/ru-central1/s3/aws4_request
.CanonicalRequest
: Canonical request generated earlier. The signature string contains the SHA256 hash of the canonical request in hexadecimal representation.
Signing key
To generate a signing key:
-
Use the secret key to encode the date:
DateKey = sign("AWS4" + "SecretKey", "yyyymmdd")
-
Encode the region using the
DateKey
you got in the previous step:RegionKey = sign(DateKey, "ru-central1")
-
Encode the service using the
RegionKey
you got in the previous step:ServiceKey = sign(RegionKey, "s3")
-
Get the signing key:
SigningKey = sign(ServiceKey, "aws4_request")
Sign a string with a key
To get a string signature, use HMAC
with the SHA256
hash function and convert the result to hexadecimal format.
signature = Hex(sign(SigningKey, StringToSign))
Pre-signed URLs
To compose a pre-signed URL, add the parameters required to authorize the request to the Object Storage resource URL, including the X-Amz-Signature
parameter containing the calculated signature.
The other parameter values must match their respective values specified earlier in the canonical request and the signature string.
Example of composing a pre-signed URL for downloading an object
Let's put together a pre-signed URL to download the object-for-share.txt
object from the bucket:
-
Static key:
access_key_id = 'JK38EXAMP********' secret_access_key = 'ExamP1eSecReTKeykdo********'
-
Canonical request:
GET /object-for-share.txt X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=YCAJEK0Iv6x********eLTAdg%2F20231208%2Fru-central1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20231208T184504Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host host:<bucket_name>.storage.yandexcloud.net host UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD
-
String to sign:
AWS4-HMAC-SHA256 20231208T184504Z 20231208/ru-central1/s3/aws4_request e823d75aad02c1317589bd5373fe9e20d5ef44499237703ff23e5600********
-
Signing key:
sign(sign(sign(sign("AWS4" + "ExamP1eSecReTKeykdokKK38800","20190801"),"ru-central1"),"s3"),"aws4_request")
Here, we introduce the
sign
function to indicate the method of key calculation that uses the HMAC algorithm with SHA256 . -
Signature:
b10c16a1997bb524bf59974512f1a6561cf2953c29dc3efbdb920790********
-
Pre-signed URL:
https://<bucket_name>.storage.yandexcloud.net/object-for-share.txt?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=YCAJEK0Iv6xqy-pEQcueLTAdg%2F20231208%2Fru-central1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20231208T195434Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=b10c16a1997bb524bf59974512f1a6561cf2953c29dc3efbdb920790********
You can work on the request and signature generation process using the AWS CLI in debug mode.
To send a signed request to the S3 API, you can use curl
Code examples for generating pre-signed URLs
The subsection provides code examples for generating pre-signed URLs.
To show the principle of forming and signing requests to Object Storage, the examples do not use AWS SDKs. For examples of using the AWS SDK and other tools, see Examples of getting a signed link in Object Storage tools.
import datetime
import hashlib
import hmac
access_key = '<static_key_ID>'
secret_key = '<static_key_contents>'
object_key = '<object_key>'
bucket = '<bucket_name>'
host = 'storage.yandexcloud.net'
now = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.UTC)
datestamp = now.strftime('%Y%m%d')
timestamp = now.strftime('%Y%m%dT%H%M%SZ')
def sign(key, msg):
return hmac.new(key, msg.encode('utf-8'), hashlib.sha256).digest()
canonical_request = """GET
/{bucket}/{object_key}
X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential={access_key}%2F{datestamp}%2Fru-central1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date={timestamp}&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host
host:{host}
host
UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD""".format(
bucket=bucket,
object_key=object_key,
access_key=access_key,
datestamp=datestamp,
timestamp=timestamp,
host=host)
print()
print("Canonical request:\n" + canonical_request)
print()
string_to_sign = """AWS4-HMAC-SHA256
{timestamp}
{datestamp}/ru-central1/s3/aws4_request
{request_hash}""".format(
timestamp=timestamp,
datestamp=datestamp,
request_hash=hashlib.sha256(canonical_request.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest())
print()
print("String to be signed:\n" + string_to_sign)
print()
signing_key = sign(sign(sign(sign(('AWS4' + secret_key).encode('utf-8'), datestamp), 'ru-central1'), 's3'), 'aws4_request')
signature = hmac.new(signing_key, string_to_sign.encode('utf-8'), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
print()
print("Signature: " + signature)
print()
signed_link = "https://" + host + '/' + bucket + '/' + object_key + "?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=" + access_key + "%2F" + datestamp + "%2Fru-central1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=" + timestamp + "&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=" + signature + "\n"
print()
print("Signed Link:\n" + signed_link)
<?php
$keyid = "<static_key_ID>";
$secretkey = "<static_key_contents>";
$path = "<object_key>";
$objectname = "/".implode("/", array_map("rawurlencode", explode("/", $path)));
$host = "<bucket_name>.storage.yandexcloud.net";
$region = "ru-central1";
$timestamp = time();
$dater = strval(date('Ymd', $timestamp));
$dateValue = strval(date('Ymd', $timestamp))."T".strval(date('His', $timestamp))."Z";
// Generate the canonical request
$canonical_request = "GET\n".$objectname."\nX-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=".$keyid."%2F".$dater."%2Fru-central1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=".$dateValue."&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host\nhost:".$host."\n\nhost\nUNSIGNED-PAYLOAD";
echo "<b>Canonical request: </b><br>".$canonical_request."<br><br>";
// Generate the string to be signed
$string_to_sign = "AWS4-HMAC-SHA256\n".$dateValue."\n".$dater."/".$region."/s3/aws4_request\n".openssl_digest($canonical_request, "sha256", $binary = false);
echo "<b>String to be signed: </b><br>".$string_to_sign."<br><br>";
// Generate the signing key
$signing_key = hash_hmac('sha256', 'aws4_request', hash_hmac('sha256', 's3', hash_hmac('sha256', 'ru-central1', hash_hmac('sha256', $dater, 'AWS4'.$secretkey, true), true), true), true);
echo "<b>Signing key: </b><br>".$signing_key."<br><br>";
// Generate the signature
$signature = hash_hmac('sha256', $string_to_sign, $signing_key);
echo "<b>Signature: </b><br>".$signature."<br><br>";
// Generate the pre-signed link
$signed_link = "https://".$host.$objectname."?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=".$keyid."%2F".$dater."%2Fru-central1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=".$dateValue."&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=".$signature."\n";
echo '<b>Signed link: </b><br>'.'<a href = "'.$signed_link.'" target = "_blank">'.$signed_link.'</a>';
?>
Examples of getting pre-signed links in Object Storage tools
This subsection provides examples of generating pre-signed URLs with the help of various Object Storage tools.
- In the management console
, select the folder. - Select Object Storage.
- Click the name of the bucket you need.
- Click the object name.
- Click Get link in the top-right corner.
- For a bucket with restricted access, specify the link Lifetime in hours or days (the maximum time is 30 days).
- Click Get link.
- Copy the link.
You can use the AWS CLI to generate a link for downloading an object. To do this, run the following command:
aws s3 presign s3://<bucket_name>/<object_key> \
--expires-in <link_lifetime> \
--endpoint-url "https://storage.yandexcloud.net/"
To generate the link properly, make sure to provide the --endpoint-url
parameter pointing to the Object Storage hostname. For detailed information, see this section covering AWS CLI specifics.
The example generates a pre-signed URL for downloading the object-for-share
object from the bucket-with-objects
bucket. The URL is valid for 100 seconds.
# coding=utf-8
import boto3
from botocore.client import Config
ENDPOINT = "https://storage.yandexcloud.net"
ACCESS_KEY = "JK38EXAMP********"
SECRET_KEY = "ExamP1eSecReTKeykdo********"
session = boto3.Session(
aws_access_key_id=ACCESS_KEY,
aws_secret_access_key=SECRET_KEY,
region_name="ru-central1",
)
s3 = session.client(
"s3", endpoint_url=ENDPOINT, config=Config(signature_version="s3v4")
)
presigned_url = s3.generate_presigned_url(
"get_object",
Params={"Bucket": "bucket-with-objects", "Key": "object-for-share"},
ExpiresIn=100,
)
print(presigned_url)