Analyzing data with Jupyter

Yandex Query supports integration with Jupyter and VSCode through the cell (%%yq) and line (%yq) Python magic commands. The integration allows you to streamline data collection and analysis, making the processes more efficient and straightforward.

To analyze Query data with Jupyter:

1. Install and configure the yandex_query_magic package.
2. Try creating query templates.
3. Process the execution results.

Getting startedGetting started

1. Sign up for Yandex Cloud and create a billing account:

   1. Go to the management console and log in to Yandex Cloud or create an account if you do not have one yet.
   2. On the Yandex Cloud Billing page, make sure you have a billing account linked and it has the ACTIVE or TRIAL_ACTIVE status. If you do not have a billing account, create one.

   If you have an active billing account, you can go to the cloud page to create or select a folder for your infrastructure to operate in.

   Learn more about clouds and folders.

2. Get access to the JupyterLab or Jupyter Notebook environment.

Installing and configuring the yandex_query_magic packageInstalling and configuring the yandex_query_magic package

%pip install yandex_query_magic --upgrade

Configuring the packageConfiguring the package

To configure the yandex_query_magic package, you can use the yq_settings line command, where you need to specify the following arguments:

%yq_settings --folder-id <folder_ID> ...

Available parameters:

• --folder-id <folder_ID>: ID of the folder to execute Query queries. The folder hosting a VM instance with Jupyter is used by default.
• --vm-auth: Enables authentication with the VM account key. For more information, see Working with Yandex Cloud from inside a VM.
• --env-auth <environment_variable>: Enables authentication with the authorized key contained in the environment variable. Use this mode when you cannot access the file system of the computer running Jupyter. For example, when working in Yandex DataSphere. In this case, create a DataSphere secret and specify its name in the --env-auth parameter.
• --sa-file-auth <authorized_key>: Enables authentication with authorized keys. For more information, see Creating authorized keys.

Testing the packageTesting the package

You can use the %yq line magic command with single-line SQL queries. In this case, the %yq keyword is used to execute a query.

If Jupyter is running on a VM with an attached service account, upload the extension to Jupyter:

%load_ext yandex_query_magic
%yq SELECT "Hello, world!"

Where:

• %yq: Jupyter magic name.
• SELECT "Hello, world!": Query query text.

If the VM does not have any attached service accounts:

1. Create a service account and assign it the yq.viewer role.

2. Create an authorized key for the service account.

3. Run the following commands specifying the path to the authorized key file:

   %load_ext yandex_query_magic
   %yq_settings --sa-file-auth '<key_file_path>'
   %yq SELECT "Hello, world!"
   

   For example:

   %load_ext yandex_query_magic
   %yq_settings --sa-file-auth '/home/test/authorized_key.json'
   %yq SELECT "Hello, world!"
   

   The path to the authorized_key.json file is specified relative to the directory where the current Jupyter Notebook file is saved.

To execute multi-line SQL queries, you need to use %%yq cell magic. The query text must begin with the %%yq keyword:

%%yq --folder-id <folder_ID> --name "My query" --description "Test query" --raw-results

SELECT
    col1,
    COUNT(*)
FROM table
GROUP BY col1

Where:

• --folder-id: ID of the folder to execute Query queries. The default folder is the one specified earlier through %yq_settings. If not specified, it defaults to the folder in which the VM is running.
• --name: Query name.
• --description: Query description.
• --raw-results: Returns the unprocessed results of a Query query. For format specifications, see Correspondence of YQL and JSON types.

Creating query templates using the mustache syntaxCreating query templates using the mustache syntax

You can use the templates of the computations exchanged between Jupyter and Query to work with queries or perform standard operations without writing code. To allow this, Query has a built-in support for the mustache syntax to write queries, where all keywords and template directives are placed inside the {{}} key symbols. You can use the mustache syntax with Jinja2 or in a built-in mustache interpreter.

The {{ yq-name }} built-in mustache templates allow you to insert variables from the Jupyter runtime environment directly into SQL queries. Such variables will also be automatically converted into the required Query data structures. For example:

myQuery = "select * from Departments"
%yq {{myQuery}}

The {{myQuery}} mustache string will indicate the name of the source variable for the text. Also, the select * from Departments text will be sent to Query for execution.

Using mustache templates streamlines the integration between Jupyter and Query. Let's assume you have the lst=["Academy", "Physics"] Python list containing the names of departments whose data you want to process. Without the mustache syntax support in Query, first, you would need to convert the Python list into a string and then input it into the SQL query. Query example:

var lstStr = ",".join(lst)
sqlQuery = f'select "Academy" in ListCreate({lstStr});
%yq {{sqlQuery}}

I.e., working with complex data types requires a detailed knowledge of the Query SQL syntax. With the mustache syntax, you can write a much simpler query:

%yq select "Academy" in {{lst}}

Here, lst will be identified as a Python list and automatically converted into its SQL equivalent. This is the final query that will be sent to Query:

%yq select "Academy" in ListCreate("Academy", "Physics") as lst

Jinja2Jinja2

To perform standard tasks in Jupyter and Query, we recommend using the built-in mustache syntax. For more advanced templating, you can use Jinja2.

To install Jinja2, run this command:

%pip install Jinja2

Example of using a Jinja template with the for cycle:

{% for user in users %}
    command = "select * from users where name='{{ user }}'"
{% endfor %}

You can also use Jinja templates to perform various data processing operations. This example illustrates operations performed on department names based on whether the student belongs to the department:

{% if student.department == "Academy" %}
    {{ student.department|upper }}
{% elif upper(student.department) != "MATHS DEPARTMENT" %}
    {{ student.department|capitalize }}
{% endif %}

To make sure Jinja conversions comply with the Query rules, use the to_yq filter. Here is what the lst=["Academy", "Physics"] Python list from the above example looks like in a Jinja template:

%%yq --jinja2
select "Academy" in {{lst|to_yq}}

If you need to disable templating, use the --no-var-expansion argument:

%%yq --no-var-expansion
...

Built-in mustache templatesBuilt-in mustache templates

In Yandex Query, the built-in mustache templates are enabled by default and help to streamline basic operations with Jupyter variables:

lst=["Academy", "Physics"]

%yq select "Academy" in {{lst}}

Using Pandas DataFrame variablesUsing Pandas DataFrame variables

Example of using yandex_query_magic and the mustache syntax with Pandas DataFrame:

1. Declare the variable in Jupyter:

   df = pandas.DataFrame({'_float': [1.0],
                       '_int': [1],
                       '_datetime': [pd.Timestamp('20180310')],
                       '_string': ['foo']})
   

You can use df as a variable in queries to Yandex Query. During query execution, the df value is used to create a df temporary table. The table can be used within the Yandex Query query that is currently running.

1. Get the data:

   %%yq
   SELECT
       *
   FROM mytable
   INNER JOIN {{df}}
       ON mytable.id=df._int
   

Table of Pandas types mapping to Query types:

Using Python dict variablesUsing Python dict variables

Example of using yandex_query_magic and the mustache syntax with a Python dict:

1. Declare the variable in Jupyter:

   dct = {"a": "1", "b": "2", "c": "test", "d": "4"}
   

   Now you can use the dct variable in Query queries. When executing a query, dct will convert into a mapping YQL Dict object:

   Key	Value
   a	"1"
   b	"2"
   c	"test"
   d	"4"

2. Get the data:

   %%yq
   SELECT "a" in {{dct}}
   

Table of Python dict types mapping to Query types:

You can also convert a dictionary into a Pandas DataFrame table using a constructor:

df = pandas.DataFrame(dct)

Using Python list variablesUsing Python list variables

Example of using yandex_query_magic and the mustache syntax with a Python list:

1. Declare the variable in Jupyter:

   lst = [1,2,3]
   

   Then, you can use the lst variable in Query queries. When executing a query, lst will convert into a mapping YQL Dict object:

2. Get the data:

   %%yq
   SELECT 1 IN {{lst}}
   

Table of Python list types mapping to Query types:

You can also convert a list into a Pandas DataFrame table using a constructor:

df = pandas.DataFrame(lst,
                      columns =['column1', 'column2', 'column3'])

Jinja templatesJinja templates

Jinja templates provide a convenient way to generate SQL queries. They allow you to automatically insert various data, e.g, search conditions, so that you do not need to write each query manually. This streamlines work, prevents errors, and results in more readable code.

With Jinja templates, you can also automate generating queries that contain repeated elements. For example, you can use loops in your template to add a list of values to check in a query. This provides you with additional flexibility and enables you to write complex queries faster when you need to handle large amounts of data.

The steps below explain how to filter data in Yandex Query using a Python variable.

1. Declare the variable in Jupyter:

   name = "John"
   

2. When running the following code in the Jupyter cell, make sure to specify the jinja2 flag before executing an SQL query for it to be interpreted as a Jinja2 template:

   %%yq <other_parameters> --jinja2
   
   SELECT "{{name}}"
   

   Parameters:

   • --jinja2: Enables query text rendering with Jinja templates. To use this parameter, you need to install the Jinja2 package (%pip install Jinja2).

filterto_yq filter

Jinja2 is a general-purpose templating engine. When processing variable values, it uses a standard string representation of data types.

For example, you have a defined lst=["Academy", "Physics"] Python list. This is how you can use it in a Jinja template:

%%yq --jinja2
select "Academy" in {{lst}}

This will result in the Unexpected token '[' error. Jinja converts the lst variable to an ["Academy", "Physics"] string according to Python rules but disregards the Yandex Query-specific features of SQL queries, which causes the error.

To specify that Jinja conversions must comply with the Yandex Query rules, use the to_yq filter. Then, the same query in the Jinja syntax will look like this:

%%yq --jinja2
select "Academy" in {{lst|to_yq}}

The to_yq Jinja filter converts data to the Yandex Query syntax in exactly the same manner as built-in mustache templates.

Capture command resultsCapture command results

To capture a line magic command result, you can use the assignment command:

varname = %yq <query>

To capture a cell magic command result, you can specify the variable name and the << operator at the beginning of the query text:

%%yq
varname << <query>

Then, you can use the result as a standard Jupyter variable.

For example, this is how you capture a command result to output variables using cell magic:

output = %yq SELECT 1 as column1

And this is how you can capture a command result to a output2 variable using line magic:

%%yq
output2 << SELECT 'Two' as column2, 3 as column3

Then, you can use these variables as standard IPython variables. For example, you can print them:

output

By default, the %yq and %%yq commands output a Pandas DataFrame object with columns matching the column names from the SQL query and rows containing query results. To disable Pandas DataFrame conversion, you can use the --raw-results argument.

The output variable in the above example will have the following structure:

The output2 variable will look like this:

If a query cannot return a result by its nature (e.g., insert into table select * from another_table), it will return the None value. If a query returns multiple sets of results, they will be displayed as a list of individual results.

When executing a query, yandex_query_magic outputs additional data, e.g., query ID, start time, and execution duration:

To hide the execution progress information for a cell, you can use the additional %%capture command.

%%capture
%%yq
<query>

In this case, the execution progress will not be output to the console.